The SLOSS Debate in Conservation

The SLOSS Debate in Conservation One of the most warmed contentions in protection history is known as the SLOSS Debate. SLOSS represents Single Large or Several Small and alludes to two distinct ways to deal with land preservation so as to ensure biodiversity in a given area. The single enormous methodology favors one sizeable, coterminous land hold. The few little methodology favors different littler stores of land whose all out territories equivalent that of a huge hold. Territory assurance of either depends on the sort of natural surroundings and species included. New Concept Spurs Controversy In 1975, an American researcher named Jared Diamond proposed the milestone thought that a solitary enormous land save would be progressively helpful as far as species extravagance and assorted variety than a few littler stores. His case depended on his investigation of a book called The Theory of Island Biogeography by Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson. Jewels statement was tested by biologist Daniel Simberloff, a previous understudy of E.O. Wilson, who noticed that on the off chance that few littler saves each contained one of a kind animal varieties, at that point littler stores would be able to harbor significantly a larger number of animal groups than a solitary huge save. Environment Debate Heats Up Researchers Bruce A. Wilcox and Dennis L. Murphy reacted to an article by Simberloff in The American Naturalist diary by contending that living space fracture (brought about by human action or ecological changes) represents the most basic danger to worldwide biodiversity. Coterminous territories, the specialists attested, are not just advantageous to networks of reliant species, they are likewise bound to help populaces of species that happen at low populace densities, especially enormous vertebrates. Hurtful Effects of Habitat Fragmentation As per the National Wildlife Federation, earthly or sea-going living space divided by streets, logging, dams, and other human advancements may not be huge or associated enough to help species that need a huge region where to discover mates and food. The misfortune and discontinuity of natural surroundings make it hard for transient species to discover spots to rest and feed along their movement courses. At the point when living space is divided, portable species that retreat into littler stores of territory can wind up swarmed, expanding rivalry for assets and malady transmission. The Edge Effect Notwithstanding intruding on contiguity and diminishing the all out region of accessible living space, discontinuity likewise amplifies the edge impact, coming about because of an expansion in the edge-to-inside proportion. This impact contrarily impacts species that are adjusted to inside natural surroundings since they become increasingly powerless against predation and aggravation. No Simple Solution The SLOSS Debate prodded forceful investigation into the impacts of territory discontinuity, prompting ends that the practicality of either approach may rely upon the conditions. A few little holds may, now and again, be advantageous when indigenous species termination chance is low. Then again, single enormous stores might be ideal when elimination hazard is high. When all is said in done, notwithstanding, the vulnerability of annihilation chance assessments drives researchers to lean toward the built up living space honesty and security of a solitary bigger save. Rude awakening Kent Holsinger, Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Connecticut, fights, This entire discussion appears to have overlooked what's really important. All things considered, we put holds where we discover species or networks that we need to spare. We cause them as extensive as we to can, or as extensive as we have to secure the components of our anxiety. We are not generally confronted with the enhancement decision ready in the [SLOSS] banter. To the degree we have options, the decisions we face are progressively similar to †¦ how little a zone would we be able to pull off ensuring and which are the most basic bundles?

Should Names of Rape Victims be disclosed in Public

Assault, a shocking wrongdoing submitted against ladies includes constrained intercourse which makes physical and mental torment the person in question. The outcome of the wrongdoing can keep on being a reason for trouble for the casualty because of police examinations. Assault has a disgrace encompassing it and the consideration which assault casualties get makes it difficult for them to return to their every day lives. The disgrace related with assault pulls in undesirable open and media consideration, making casualties powerless to progressively mental distress.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Should Names of Rape Victims be uncovered in Public explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is a continuous discussion between the insurance of assault victims’ individual’s right to protection and the privilege to opportunity of press ensured by the first and fourteenth alterations (Denno 1993, p. 1115-1116). The issue of uncovering an as sault victim’s character involves debate. Advocates contend that data about the assault casualty ought to be scattered in a fair and honest way while adversaries state that the character of assault casualties ought not be uncovered given the genuine idea of the wrongdoing. Notwithstanding, research and studies show that assault casualties could get â€Å"negative responses from formal help providers† which could be â€Å"particularly destructive for them† (Ahrens 2006, p. 264). The media practices intentional limitation when detailing assault violations; be that as it may, there is no law overseeing the divulgence of assault casualties. A few states, for example, South Carolina, Florida and Georgia have resolutions which forbid media organizations from openly declaring the names of supposed assault casualties (Denno 1993, p. 1115). In any case, the absence of solid laws forestalling revelation of assault victims’ personalities has started a contention. A few columnists banter that divulgence of casualties is a significant commitment for keeping up the precision and believability of news. Overholser (1989) states that since â€Å"rape is an American shame† it isn't fitting to â€Å"hide† or â€Å"hush it up† (para 15). She further includes that it ought to be uncovered truth be told to general society since concealing data identified with assault will just bring about quieting â€Å"public outrage†(Overholser 1989, para 15). Overholser’s solid situation for uncovering the names of assault casualties comes from her conviction that a demonstration of non divulgence will just subvert the genuine idea of the wrongdoing and advance disgrace for the person in question. Also, underreporting is equivalent to quietness and a sign of disgrace to the blameless casualty. She declares that so as to expel the shame related with assault it is critical to treat is as some other wrongdoing and report the news truth be told (Overholser 1989, para 5). She expresses that assault ought to be dealt with similarly like different wrongdoings, for example, fetus removal and murder so open mindfulness will increment and the pace of assault violations will decrease. She asks ladies who have experienced this â€Å"awful crime† to shout out, and â€Å"identify themselves† so the shame related with assault can be destroyed (Overholser 1989, para 12).Advertising Looking for paper on law? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, a few researchers contend that assault casualties have just experienced a difficulty because of the shocking wrongdoing and don't bear the duty of evacuating the shame joined to assault by revealing their personalities and bargaining their entitlement to protection. Examiners who vouch for the non divulgence of assault victims’ personalities base their position on the disgrace and injury related w ith assault. There is a progressing banter about the results of uncovering an assault victim’s individual subtleties. Research demonstrates that casualties could get negative responses, for example, reprimanding the casualties for the wrongdoing (Ahrens, 2006). At the point when casualties of assault are exposed to fault, they feel doubly deceived (Campbell, 1998). Research additionally affirms that assault victims’ capture open divulgence because of the dread of dismissal by loved ones since â€Å"the extraordinary larger part of assaults are submitted by a colleague or relative and, along these lines, the assent of the casualty is frequently presumed† (Denno 1993, p. 1125). Studies show that 71% casualties had worries about their character being uncovered to their family, 69% stressed that society would reprimand them for the wrongdoing while 68% communicated fears of intrusion of protection from endless supply of their names in broad daylight (Denno 1993, p. 1125). A National Women’s Study attests that greater part of the ladies in the United States favor an enactment to prohibit the media from freely revealing individual data about assault casualties (Denno 1993, p. 1130). Many assault cases are not answered to the police because of the shame related with the wrongdoing and the humiliation it brings to the person in question. Non divulgence of names could serve to be an additional motivating force to casualties to report assault cases without the dread open presentation. The two advocates and rivals of the discussion encompassing the exposure of the casualties in assault cases hold reasonable perspectives. Naming an assault casualty could cause issues like injury and disgrace to the blamed. Consequently, to the greatest advantage of the person in question and the blamed, I bolster the view that names of assault casualties ought not be uncovered to the overall population. Security of casualties stays to be an essential driver for worry in assault wrongdoings while columnists press for exposure of casualties dependent on the privilege to opportunity of press. So far the media has not been considered responsible for exposure of assault victims’ personalities. Be that as it may, considering the genuine idea of the wrongdoing and the injury related with it, genuine idea ought to be given to state enactment for security of victims’ protection. Works Cited Ahrens, Courtney. â€Å"Being quieted: The effect of negative social responses on the divulgence of rape.† American Journal of Community Psychology 38 (2006): 263-274. Web.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Should Names of Rape Victims be uncovered in Public explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Campbell, Rebecca. â€Å"The people group reaction to assault: Victims’ encounters with the legitimate, clinical, and emotional well-being systems†. American Journal of Community Psychology 26 (1998): 3 55-379. Web. Denno, Deborah W. â€Å"Perspectives on Disclosing Rape Victims’ Names†. Fordham Law Review. 61.5 (1993) Web. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=httpsredir=1article=3032context=flr Overholser, Geneva. â€Å"Why Hide Rapes?† New York Times. 11 Jul. 1989. Web. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/11/sentiment/why-cover up rapes.html?mtrref=undefinedgwh=2F7D4C4EE92E4C6BD958CD9409FCD80Cgwt=payassetType=REGIWALL This exposition on Should Names of Rape Victims be unveiled in Public was composed and presented by client L10nheart to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Identifying the Verbal Tics in your College Essay

Identifying the Verbal Tics in your College Essay Identifying the Verbal Tics in your College Essay Identifying the Verbal Tics in your College Essay Most people are unaware of their own verbal tics. While we know to look out for fillers like “uh,” “um,” “like,” even “you know,” sometimes less generic stand-ins seep into our vocabulary and stick. These words can become so ingrained in our speech patterns, they become  like verbal fingerprints. Remember when you  mocked your sister mercilessly for using the word frankly (Did she just step off the set of Gone With the Wind? or something?)  only to realize to your horror that you had started to use the word too? Slate recently published an  article about these  â€œfingerprint words,” how they come about and how they spread. Sadly, using someone else’s fingerprint word can make you seem like a follower (even if you’re totally not). Perhaps even worse is when other people start using your fingerprint word and don’t realize where it came from. (Chris Traegar is literally beside himself that literally everyone has been using the word literally.) But there is something to be said for having an unusual word in your vocabulary that identifies the speech as yours. You’re unique, and your speech is too! How do fingerprint words factor into your college essay? Most of the time words that are recycled in language so often they can be classified as verbal tics dont add anything to the meaning or impact of your thoughts, both in speech and in writing. Be cognizant of this when you read over your essay. If you can lose those fingerprint words in favor of simplicity and directness, do it. You may not know you have a fingerprint word, but you’ll realize it quickly when you proofread. So don’t skip that step! Contact us for help proofreading for fingerprint words. Read more about The College Essay Advisors Process. Check out Tips for Brainstorming Essay Topics. About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ »

Sight vs. Blindness in King Lear by William Shakespeare

The theme of sight versus blindness appears several times in the tragedy King Lear by William Shakespeare. In the opening scene of the play, we see King Lear as himself. The audience is left to explore his character on their own. The Earl of Gloucester is another character that is blinded. The theme of eyesight or lack of it refers to the physical and metaphorical blindness of the characters in the play. Lear announces that his kingdom is up for grabs but his daughters must express their love for him in order to be awarded her land. Goneril uses Lear’s state of metaphorical blindness to give a phony speech on her abundant love for her father. I love you more than word can wield the matter; dearer than eyesight, space and liberty...rich or rare; no less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honor...beyond all matter of so much I love you (Act I, Scene I 55-61). At this early stage in the play, we can see Lear’s lack of eyesight and Goneril’s true personality . Both Goneril and Regan’s speeches blind Lear because of their exaggerated showing of love for their father. Lear’s eyesight blinds him of reality. When it is Cordelia’s turn to deliver her speech to her father, Lear does not accept or understand his daughter’s expression of love. Goneril and Regan tell Lear what he wants to hear, however, Cordelia expresses her true feeling. Lear’s lack of sight forces him to lose his favorite daughter and also a loyal friend, Kent. Gloucester is also metaphoricallyShow MoreRelatedSight and Blindness in King Lear1615 Words   |  7 PagesSight and Blindness in King Lear In King Lear, the recurring images of sight and blindness associated with the characters of Lear and Gloucester illustrate the theme of self-knowledge and consciousness that exist in the play. These classic tropes are inverted in King Lear, producing a situation in which those with healthy eyes are ignorant of what is going on around them, and those without vision appear to see the clearest. While Lears blindness is one which is metaphorical, the blindnessRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1550 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: By facilitating the growth of evil within William Shakespeare’s King Lear, it is evident that the tragedy’s protagonist, King Lear can be held accountable for his own victimization and ultimate downfall. The most notable aspects of this self-induced victimization include Lear’s own lack of practical wisdom and divergence from the natural order, combined with the neglect of kingship, that enables Lear as a tragic hero to create the conceptual framework in which the ulterior motives ofRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagessave it. 6. When in Doubt, It’s from Shakespeare†¦ a. Writers use what is common in a culture as a kind of shorthand. Shakespeare is pervasive, so he is frequently echoed. b. See plays as a pattern, either in plot or theme or both. Examples: i. Hamlet: heroic character, revenge, indecision, melancholy nature ii. Henry IV—a young man who must grow up to become king, take on his responsibilities iii. Othello—jealousy iv. Merchant of Venice—justice vs. mercy v. King Lear—aging parent, greedy children, a

Overpopulation and Its Modes of Persuasion; a Rhetorical...

Famine, disease, social tension and poverty – progress, societal fortitude, prosperity and facility. All of these are consequences of one question deep at the heart of the quest for sustainable human existence; the question of the maximum capacity supportable by the planet Earth. As is true of a good deal of the puzzles plaguing our time, little consensus is to be found surrounding this topic. Fueled by images of societal collapse, hunger and a complete depletion of natural resources, organizations such as The Population Institute seek to control what they view to be out of control population growth. On the other side of the fence, The Population Research Institute and like associations present descriptions of a bright future†¦show more content†¦Clicking on these images only serves to bring up an apparently related picture in the afore-mentioned gallery and provides no way of obtaining additional information on their intended meanings. The exclusive presence of South-Asian or African subjects in these photographs suggests that PRImary activities of this organization occur in distinctly non-Western countries. Further digging into the website however reveals little evidence of this. In fact, no indication is to be found anywhere that The Population Institute is active in any capacity save an informational one. All organizational operation is, it would seem, entir ely bureaucratic and restricted to the distribution of counsel and to parliamentarian lobbying. What reason could there then be for the very prominent display of images not directly linked to the mission of this institution? A possible answer is to be found in results of a study on the effectiveness of charitable outreach conducted by University of Chicago economist John List. The findings conclude, If you want to maximize giving ... the ask should be personal because the social cost of saying no is so high that just about everyone will say yes to a face-to-face ask.† Accordingly, an organization that presents personal and emotional

The Burden Of Mental Disorders Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(84) " depression in pregnant adult females but this requires farther research \[ 49 \] \." Worldwide, the load of mental upsets is immense and at least comparable to the load caused by many terrible physical diseases [ 1 ] . In the WHO Global Burden of Disease undertaking it was estimated that 50 % of all Disability Adjusted Life Years ( DALY ‘s ) in the 15-44 old ages old are due to psychiatry-related conditions [ 2 ] . Recently, depressive upsets were projected to rank 2nd on a list of 15 major diseases in footings of load of disease in 2030 [ 3 ] . We will write a custom essay sample on The Burden Of Mental Disorders Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In malice of the many available effectual interventions, they have limited possible to cut down the entire load of mental unwellness [ 4 ] . It has been estimated that the maximal decrease of the entire load of mental disease that can be achieved by intervention in optimum scenes is merely 40 % [ 5 ] . Therefore, bar of mental upsets is indispensable. An extra statement for beef uping the function of preventative psychopathology in public wellness is the fact that at the population degree, a significant portion of the costs are caused by new instances. The new instances account for 39.2 % of the costs at the population degree [ 6 ] . Unfortunately, there are soon few possibilities for the primary or selective bar of mental disease in the non-referred population. Because grownup mental diseases have their beginnings early in life [ 7 ] , primary bar can be most effectual if started early in childhood, or even before. Indeed, bar of psychosocial jobs may get down before birth. 1.4 Gevolgen new wave psychopathologie tijdens de zwangerschap There is strong grounds that, in line with Barker ‘s â€Å" foetal beginnings of grownup disease † hypothesis [ a ] , an inauspicious mental province of a female parent during gestation is an of import and modifiable hazard factor for psychosocial jobs in her kids. The nexus between prenatal maternal negative emotions and behavioural and emotional ( ‘psychosocial ‘ ) jobs in the progeny has been demonstrated in legion carnal surveies and, more late, in worlds. Two recent reappraisals summarize the consequences of this research [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . Numerous surveies evidenced that there is a positive association between prenatal anxiousness or depression in the female parent, and cognitive, behavioural and emotional jobs in the kid. For illustration, in a big survey ( N=7448 ) prenatal anxiousness of the female parent was related to behavioural or emotional jobs of 4-year-old kids, independent of the female parent ‘s postpartum depression or anxiousness [ 10 ] . Anxiety in gestation has been related to delayed mental and motor development, independent of the female parent ‘s postpartum emphasis and depression degrees [ 11 ] . The inauspicious effects seem to be permanent: higher anxiousness degrees of the female parents early in gestation were related to an addition in ADHD and other projecting jobs in their 8-9 twelvemonth old kids [ 12 ] . An addition in criminalism in the male progeny of female parents who suffered antenatal depression was observed by Maki et al [ 13 ] . Davis and colleagues demonstrated that maternal antenatal anxiousness and depression were associated with an unfavorable disposition, i.e. infant negative responsiveness which in bend is related to behavioural suppression and societal anxiousness [ 14 ] . Chung et Al found that depression in gestation is associated with growing deceleration, premature birth and more extradural analgesia during bringing. Children of these adult females are more likely to be admitt ed on a NICU [ 15 ] . Although the mechanisms have non been to the full elucidated, the emphasis endocrine hydrocortisone, which besides seems to play a function in grownup abnormal psychology, has been proposed as the primary biological go-between [ 9 ] . Elevated maternal hydrocortisone degrees might take to cut down development of the kid. LeWinn and others found that higher maternal hydrocortisone degrees during gestation are associated with decreased childhood IQ [ 16 ] . Other mechanisms such as intoxicant and nicotine ingestion in gestation [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] and the effects of the postpartum mental status of the female parent ( e.g. with effects for suckling [ 20 ] [ 21 ] ) may be runing every bit good [ 22 ] . Whatever the existent mechanisms involved are, there is soon convincing grounds that kids whose female parents suffered from anxiousness or depression during gestation constitute a high hazard group for behavioural and emotional jobs. Early designation and intervention, and sooner even bar of the maternal mental wellness jobs would assist to forestall the same type of jobs in the progeny. 1.5 Antenatale depressie Until pubescence, rates of depression are approximately equal in male childs and misss, but from adolescence on, misss suffer about twice every bit frequently of depression than male childs, a rate which remains changeless until climacteric, after which it bit by bit declines [ 23 ] [ 24 ] . During gestation around 10-20 % of all adult females are enduring from depression or anxiousness, a prevalence that is basically similar to the prevalence outside gestation [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] . Known hazard factors for prenatal depression are immature maternal age [ 26 ] , being multipara with a history of obstetric complication [ 33 ] , cohabitating [ 34 ] , low societal support [ 35 ] [ 36 ] , major life events [ 37 ] , low income [ 38 ] and a history of physical and/or sexual maltreatment [ 37 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] . Niet gebruikte refnrs: [ 39 ] [ 43 ] [ 45 ] 1.6 Antenatale angststoornis Although there is a batch more known about depression during gestation, anxiousness upsets are the most common psychiatric upsets in grownups. Anxiety upsets have a 12-month prevalence estimated at 18 % , and are more frequently seen in adult females [ 42 ] . A recent reappraisal found that anxiousness upsets are common during the perinatal period, with rates of generalised anxiousness upset being higher during the perinatal period ( 8,5 % in the 3rd trimester ) than in the general population [ 44 ] . Because depression and anxiousness often co-occur [ 46 ] , it is likely that adult females who report depressive symptoms during gestation besides experience symptoms of anxiousness. Furthermore, anxiousness upsets are common in the absence of depression, peculiarly in adult females [ 47 ] , and the average age of oncoming of many anxiousness upsets is at a child-bearing age [ 48 ] . Harmonizing to Moss et Al, hazard factors for anxiousness may be similar to those of depression in pregnant adult females but this requires farther research [ 49 ] . You read "The Burden Of Mental Disorders Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" 1.7 Socio-economische positie The socio-economic place ( SEP ) is traditionally defined as â€Å" the comparative place of a household or person on a hierarchal societal construction, based on their entree to or command over wealth, prestigiousness and power † [ 50 ] . Different mensurable facets of SEP are normally used in research, such as educational degree, occupational position and income. Educational degree represents cognition, accomplishments, attitudes and values that can act upon health-related behaviour. Occupational position is an index of working conditions, power and wellness. Income is associated with material wellbeing and ability to devour goods and services, required for a healthy life [ 51 ] [ 52 ] . These different facets of SEP are known to be positively correlated [ 53 ] . A low SEP seems to be a hazard factor for anxiousness symptoms after gestation [ 54 ] , although other surveies found no important association between composite SEP and depressive symptoms during gestation [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] . In contrast, in a recent reappraisal, Lancaster et Al. presented that both a lower educational degree as a low income have a little association with depression during gestation, but non important in their multivariate analyses [ B ] . Unemployment was non even significantly associated with depression during gestation in bivariate analysis [ B ] . 1.8 Life events Harmonizing to Grant et Al and Evans, the chronic psychological emphasis ensuing from a low SEP may be associated with a high exposure to life stressors [ hundred ] [ vitamin D ] . What is known about the association of major negative life events and anxiety/depression during gestation? 1.9 Doel new wave dot onderzoek Hypothesis Low socio-economic place is associated with anxiousness and depression during gestation and this association is modified by major negative life events. Hoofdstuk 2. Methoden 2.1 Studiedesign The P5D-study. The Prediction of anxiousness and Depression during Pregnancy and the Postnatal Period ; the function of Personality ( P5D ) -study is an experimental longitudinal survey in the Dutch primary obstetric attention. The survey aims to develop a hazard mark based on established hazard factors and personality traits, to foretell ante- and postpartum anxiousness and depression at the first consult at the accoucheuses pattern. The P5D-study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee ( Dutch: Medisch-Ethische Toetsingscommissie ( METc ) ) of the University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands. 2.2 Studiepopulatie en dataverzameling Data was collected at multiple assessment minutes: ( 1 ) at baseline: at the first or 2nd consult at the obstetrics pattern ( largely at the terminal of the first trimester ) ; ( 2 ) at 24 hebdomads of gestation ; ( 3 ) at 36 hebdomads of gestation ; ( 4 ) 6 hebdomads postpartum ; ( 5 ) 6 months postpartum ; ( 6 ) 1 twelvemonth postpartum. The present survey involves informations from the baseline appraisal of the P5D-cohort, which ran from April 2010 to January 2011, although the inclusion still continues. Sample choice concerned 35 obstetrics patterns in both rural and urban countries in the four Northern states of the Netherlands: Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe and Overijssel. All adult females subscribing up at these obstetrics patterns could come in the survey. The lone adult females who were excluded from engagement were adult females who had no command of the Dutch linguistic communication. The included adult females received an informational bundle about the survey. This bundle contained an information missive, an informed consent, the first questionnaires and a stamped self-addressed envelope. Midwifes handed the bundle to the adult female while explicating and stressing the relevancy of this survey. When adult females agreed to take part, they filled in the printed questionnaires, every bit good as the informed consent and their personal information ( e.g. name, reference, telephone figure and email reference ) at place and sent them to us in the stamped self-addressed envelope . When we received the printed questionnaire, accompanied by the informed consent and the personal information of the participant, we used the supplied electronic mail reference to direct the username and watchword to entree the online questionnaires. Participants were instructed to reach us in instance they had no entree to the cyberspace at any clip during the survey. In response to these state of affairss ( n=3, 0.4 % ) , we sent the extra questionnaires in print to their postal reference, once more accompanied by a stamped self-addressed envelope. 2.3 Vragenlijsten Questionnaires in print. The undermentioned questionnaires were handed in print at the obstetrics patterns: General information, dwelling of the gestational age and the day of the month of make fulling in the questionnaire, which we used to cipher the maternal age and the gestational age at any minute ; The Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI ) [ 60 ] to measure the degree of anxiousness. We used the six-item short-form, because the full signifier would be inappropriate in the position of high figure of questionnaires. Furthermore, the six-item short-form of the STAI produces tonss similar to those obtained utilizing the full-form [ 60 ] . The participant had to bespeak how they felt at the minute of appraisal, giving one of the four replies ( non at all ( 1 ) , slightly ( 2 ) , reasonably so ( 3 ) , really ( 4 ) ) . The six statements are: I feel unagitated, I feel nervous, I feel disquieted ( dying ) , I am relaxed, I feel satisfied, I am disquieted. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of anxiousness is a†°?13 in this short-form [ 60 ] ; The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ( EPDS ) [ 61 ] to measure the degree of depressive symptoms. Although the EPDS is developed to measure after gestation, the questionnaire is besides dependable to measure depressive symptoms during gestation [ 62 ] . The 10 points are: I am able to express joy and see the amusing side of things, I look frontward with enjoyment to things, I blame myself unnecessarily when things go incorrect, I am dying or worried for no good ground, I feel frightened or panicked for no really good ground, Thingss are acquiring on top of me, I am so unhappy that I have had trouble sleeping, I feel sad or suffering, I am so unhappy that I have been shouting, The idea of harming myself occurred to me. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of depression is a†°?12 [ 61 ] ; An adjusted Negative Life Events Questionnaire ( NLEQ ) [ 65 ] , to buttockss major negative life events. We make a differentiation between different periods in life: in the period until the age of 16 ; between the age of 16 and until 2 old ages before gestation ; in the 2 old ages before gestation. The mentioned life events are: divorce ( of a parent, self or kid ) , new relationship, traveling, long-run and/or terrible unwellness ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, ego, kid or another of import individual ( e.g. friend, in-laws, a confidential adviser ) ) , decease ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid or another of import individual ) , terrible psychiatric jobs ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid, self or another of import individual ) , suicide effort ( of a parent, sibling, spouse, kid, self or another of import individual ) , household force, intoxicant or drugs abuse within the household or the relationship, being victim of a offense, being victim of a terrible accident, being vict im of sexual maltreatment, being victim of assault, holding an unwanted gestation ; Online questionnaire. The undermentioned questionnaire was administered online: Socio-economic place ( SEP, based on educational degree ( self and spouse ) , business ( self and spouse ) and one-year gross household income ) ) was assessed utilizing a questionnaire based on the Leidsche Rijn questionnaire ( Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht ) [ 68 ] . 2.4 Statistische analyse Although P5D contains all above-named questionnaires, merely the STAI ( anxiousness ) , EPDS ( depression ) , SEP ( socio-economic place ) and the adjusted NLEQ ( major negative life events ) questionnaires were necessary to prove our present hypotheses. First, we calculated descriptive statistics for the STAI and EPDS tonss, every bit good as for the five indexs of SEP ( educational degree ( self and spouse ) , business ( self and spouse ) and one-year household income ) and major negative life events. Second, we assessed the correlativity between the STAI and EPDS tonss, †¦ We averaged the indexs of SEP after standardisation of educational degree ( both ego and spouse ) and one-year household income ( z-scores ) . The lowest 25 % , intermediate 50 % and highest 25 % of the tonss were considered to stand for severally low, intermediate and high SEP. The degree of significance was set at 0.05, reversible. Datas were analyzed utilizing PASW statistics 18. Hoofdstuk 3. Resultaten The present survey involves informations from the baseline appraisal of the P5D-cohort, which ran from April 2010 to January 2011. A sum of 863 participants filled in a questionnaire, but 115 participants ( 13.3 % ) were excluded because they did non make full in the STAI short-form. Exclusion due to non-mastery of the Dutch linguistic communication was non registered. Descriptive statistics Anxiety. All of the 748 included participants ( 100 % ) filled in the STAI short-form. From these 748 participants, 108 ( 14.4 % ) scored above the cut-off value ( STAI a†°?13 ) . A histogram with the frequences of the STAI tonss is presented in figure 1. The average STAI mark was 9.96 ( SD = 2.68 ) . Figure 1 Histogram with the frequences of the STAI tonss. The cut-off mark for an at least moderate degree of anxiousness is STAI a†°?13: Depression. From the 748 included participants, 743 ( 99.5 % ) filled in the EPDS signifier. From these 743 participants, 31 ( 4.2 % ) scored above the cut-off value ( EPDS a†°?12 ) . A histogram with the frequences of the EPDS tonss is presented in figure 2. The average EPDS mark was 4.67 ( SD = 3.59 ) . Figure 2 Histogram with the frequences of the EPDS tonss. Cut-off value for an at least moderate degree of depression is EPDS a†°?12: Correlation between anxiousness and depression The correlativity between anxiousness and depression tonss was strong: R = 0.72, P lt ; 0.01 ( Pearson ‘s trial, two-tailed significance ) . A spread secret plan is presented in figure 3. Figure 3 Scatter secret plan, stand foring the correlativity between the STAI and EPDS tonss: Socio-economic place. From the 748 included participants, 342 ( 45.7 % ) filled in all questionnaires about SEP. The descriptive statistics of the assessed indexs of SEP are presented in table 1 ( educational degree ) , table 2 ( occupational position ) and table 3 ( household income ) . Table 1 Descriptive statistics of educational degree: Self N ( % ) Spouse N ( % ) Primary instruction ( basisschool, speciaal onderwijs ) 0 8 ( 1.9 ) Low-level secondary instruction ( LBO-opleiding ) 1 ( 0.2 ) 16 ( 3.8 ) Middle-level secondary instruction ( bijv. MAVO, VBO ) 17 ( 4.0 ) 27 ( 6.4 ) Vocational preparation ( MBO-opleiding ) 145 ( 33.9 ) 182 ( 43.3 ) High-level secondary instruction ( HAVO, VWO, Gymnasium ) 29 ( 6.8 ) 20 ( 4.8 ) Professional instruction ( HBO-opleiding ) 168 ( 39.3 ) 122 ( 29.0 ) University ( WO-opleiding ) 68 ( 15.9 ) 45 ( 10.7 ) Entire 428 420 Table 2 Descriptive statistics of occupational position: Self N ( % ) Spouse N ( % ) Yes 384 ( 89.5 ) 412 ( 96.9 ) No 45 ( 10.5 ) 13 ( 3.1 ) Entire 429 425 Table 3 Descriptive statistics of household income ( gross, in euro ‘s per twelvemonth ) : N ( % ) 0 – 14,999 14 ( 4.0 ) 15,000 – 30,999 58 ( 16.4 ) 31,000 – 59,999 207 ( 58.5 ) 60,000 – 89,999 60 ( 19.9 ) 90.000 or more 15 ( 4.2 ) Entire 354 Correlation between different facets of socio-economic place. The correlativities between the five mensural facets of SEP are presented in table 4. Literatuurlijst 1. Ormel J, Petukhova M, Chatterji S, et Al. Disability and intervention of specific mental and physical upsets across the universe: Consequences from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Br J Psychiatry. 2008 May ; 192 ( 5 ) :368-75. 2. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Evidence-based wellness policy — lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Science. 1996 Nov 1 ; 274 ( 5288 ) :740-3. 3. Mathers Cadmium, Loncar D. Projections of planetary mortality and load of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006 Nov ; 3 ( 11 ) : e442. 4. Meijer SA, Smit F, Schoemaker C, Cuijpers P. Gezond verstand: evidence-based preventie new wave psychische stoornissen. RIVM-Rapport nr. 270672001 ; VTV Themarapport. Bilthoven/Utrecht: RIVM/Trimbos-instituut, 2006 5. Beekman AT, Cuijpers P, new wave Marwijk HW, Smit F, Schoevers RA, Hosman C. The bar of psychiatric upsets. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2006 Feb 25 ; 150 ( 8 ) :419-23. 6. Smit F, Cuijpers P, Oostenbrink J, Batelaan N, de Graaf R, Beekman A. 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Podolska MZ, Majkowicz M, Sipak-Szmigiel O, Ronin-Walknowska E. Cohabitation as a strong predicting factor of perinatal depression. Ginekol Pol. 2009 Apr ; 80 ( 4 ) :280-4. 35. Da Costa D, Larouche J, Dritsa M, Brender W. Psychosocial correlatives of prepartum and postpartum depressed temper. Journal of Affective Disorders 2000, 59:31-40. 36. Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M. Prenatal depression effects on the fetus and newborn in different cultural and socio-economic position groups. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2002 Nov ; 20 ( 2 ) :149-57. 37. Leigh B, Milgrom J. Hazard factors for prenatal depression, postpartum depression and rearing emphasis. BMC Psychiatry. 2008 Apr 16 ; 8:24. 38. Bolton HL, Hughes PM, Turton P, Sedgwick P. Incidence and demographic correlatives of depressive symptoms during gestation in an interior metropolis London population. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1998 Dec ; 19 ( 4 ) :202-9. 39. 40. Kendler KS, Kuhn JW, Prescott CA. Childhood sexual maltreatment, nerve-racking life events and hazard for major depression in adult females. Psychol Med. 2004 Nov ; 34 ( 8 ) :1475-82. 41. Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Prescott CA. Toward a comprehensive developmental theoretical account for major depression in adult females. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Jul ; 159 ( 7 ) :1133-45. 42. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demier O, et Al. Prevalence, badness, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV upsets in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 ; 62:639-640. 43. 44. Ross LE, McLean LM. Anxiety upsets during gestation and the postnatal period: a systematic reappraisal. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Aug ; 67 ( 8 ) :1285-98. 45. 46. Maser JD, Cloninger CR. Comorbidity in anxiousness and temper upsets. Washington, D.C. : American Psychiatric Press, 1990 47 Brown TA, Campbell LA, Lehman CL, Grisham JR, Mancill RB. Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiousness and temper upsets in a big clinical sample. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001 Nov ; 110 ( 4 ) :585-99. 48. and the average age of oncoming of many anxiousness upsets is at a child-bearing age 49. Moss KM, Skouteris H, Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ, Milgrom J. Depressive and anxiousness symptoms through late gestation and the first twelvemonth station birth: an scrutiny of prospective relationships. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2009 Oct ; 12 ( 5 ) :345-9. 50. Mueller CW, Parcel TL. Measures of socioeconomic position: options and recommendations. Child Dev. 1981 ; 52:13-30. 51. Conger RD, Donnellan MB. An interactionist position on the socioeconomic context of human development. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007 ; 58:175-99. 52. Lahelma E, Laaksonen M, Martikainen P, Rahkonen O, Sarlio-Lahteenkorva S. Multiple steps of socioeconomic fortunes and common mental upsets. Soc Sci Med. 2006 Sep ; 63 ( 5 ) :1383-99. Epub 2006 May 9. 53. Ensminger ME, Fothergill KE. A decennary of mensurating SES: What it tells us and where to travel from here. 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Journal Entry free essay sample

Initially, developing an appreciation for Philippine literature in high school students requires that teachers select reading material with themes that are relevant to the modern era in which they live in. Many techniques are available for classroom use when it comes to teaching literature. Along with traditional independent reading, group work and interactive activities are commonly used in literature classroom. These methods help students learn the messages conveyed in great works of literature. Using a variety of teaching techniques can help one reach more students.It also creates new and exciting experiences for students. Marzano (1988) stated that by writing about what they are thinking, students show their thinking process as they read, allowing teachers to redirect or encourage students to be more effective readers. Teachers may assign students free writing exercises in which they can respond to elements of the story, as well as prompt driven responses. Important elements of the story, aspects crucial to the theme, and anything of unique interest to a student should be encouraged to be reflected upon during the reading. We will write a custom essay sample on Journal Entry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The storys main conflict, its level of importance, and possible solutions are all worthy topics for students to evaluate and discuss. Students keep reading journals and document their reactions to the book as they read it. Reading journals allow students to enjoy literature and make remarks about points of interest as they come to them during the reading. Both in traditional and online classrooms, journal entries are used as tools for student reflection. Reflective practice has been prevalent in the teacher education literature for several decades (Schmuck, 2006; Schon, 1983; 1991).In the early 20th century, John Dewey defined reflective thought as â€Å"active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends†. Learning to reflect on one’s own practice has become the focus of many teacher preparation programs (Valli, 1992). By consciously thinking about and comparing issues, life experiences, and course readings, students are better able to understand links between assumption and practice and to generate justifiable, well-supported opinions.Students engage with ideas and experiences that bring about questions, comparisons, insights, criticisms, speculations, and tentative conclusion. Journal entry strategy allows students to record their responses to text as they read. Students write down phrases or sentences from their assigned reading and then write their own reaction to that passage. This strategy is to give students the opportunity to express their thoughts and become actively involved with the material they read.This interactive strategy activates prior knowledge and present feelings, and promotes collaborative learning. In helping students to activate the prior knowledge they bring to the learning environment, teachers build on students’ strengths and experiences to create new learning. Background of the Study For the past few years, a good deal of attention has been paid in helping the students create a connection in literature. A lot of activities had been used in order to improve the students’ interest in Philippine literature.Reflection creates a connection between reading and writing as students are able to reply to the author or speaker as they write their responses. The strategy supports English-language learners. As the students read and select the lines that interest them, they are improving reading comprehension skills. As they copy the lines from the text, they are learning English sentence structure and vocabulary. When they write and then share their responses, they are engaging in conversational as well as academic discourse about the texts. In this study, the students are requested to make reflections on selected literary piece they will read. This research define reflection as going beyond description and instead, sharing a reaction or explanation of what students learned. Teachers in Luis Palad National High School give various activities that would help their students improve their performance in Philippine literature. Group discussion was often used by teachers as students’ activity; the students were grouped and they discuss the story with each other, giving their insights about the story they have read.The teacher also gives some worksheets which the students answer. Currently the teachers in Luis Palad do not make use of journal entry as their students’ activity. The researcher would want to study the effects of using journal entry as students’ activity and to what extent does it help in improving ones reading comprehension and performance in literature. The researcher sees this study as ultimately developing pedagogy of reflection applicable to a variety of literary pieces. Reflection connects the world of experience and the world of ideas (Dewey, 1933).Reflective practice allows for continual development in all areas, including growth in content knowledge and habits of mind. Teachers want their students to use their inner world of ideas, prior experiences, and beliefs to make sense of their reading. Statement of the Problem The intention of this research is to investigate the efficiency of Journal Entries in enhancing the students’ comprehension skill and improving their performance in Philippine Literature. 1. What is the level of the students’ comprehension in Philippine Literature before and after the utilization of Journal Entries? . Is there a significant difference between the pretest and posttest score of the experimental and control group? 3. What is the attitude of the students toward journal entry as a means of improving their performance in Philippine Literature? Significance of the study This study could help motivate the high school students to engage more in literature. One of the best ways to engage in literary text (story, novel, and poem among others) is to have conversation with it or its author, and journal entries allow the students to do that.It could give opportunity for the students to express their thoughts and become more involved with the material they encounter, respond emotionally, ask questions, make predictions, and connect the text to their own lives. In addition, this kind of activity might help students practice the habits of good readers by slowing down the reading process and demanding that they become aware of the â€Å"conversation† they are having with themselves about wh at a text might mean. Research by Marzano (1988) emphasizes the importance of metacognition and student learning.By writing about what they are thinking, students show their thinking process as they read, allowing teachers to redirect or encourage students to be more effective readers. Moreover, the teachers might be able to establish various kinds of teaching strategies based on the reflections, reactions and prediction of the students. Also, they might be able to identify on what difficulties the students encountered while reading a certain literary context. Furthermore, this research would be able to determine to what extent is journal entry useful in teaching literature.

The Internet, Pornography, And Children Essays - Pornography Law

The Internet, Pornography, And Children Essays - Pornography Law The Internet, Pornography, and Children Why should anyone be concerned about pornography on the Internet? After all, this is a free country and everyone should have access to anything they want, right? This position would be true if only adults used the Internet; it can not be true when children also use the Internet. Most people would agree that children should not have access to Internet sites that are considered pornographic. Does that mean that children should not be allowed Internet access or that the Internet should not have pornographic sites? Of course it doesn?t mean that! What it does mean is that the issues arising from the mixture of children and Internet should be dealt with and not ignored. This paper will attempt to intelligently discuss some of those issues. Areas covered will include what the Internet is, risks to children who are viewing the Internet, what pornography is, and laws concerning child pornography (in general and over the Internet). Additionally, the number, content, and accessibility of pornographic sites will be discussed. Lastly, this paper will discuss what measures can be taken to protect children from pornographic Internet sites. What exactly is the Internet? It is a global network of computers used to transmit all types of data between computers. Text, numbers, programs, illustrations, photographs, audio, animation, and video can all be transmitted over the Internet. Contrary to what some people may think, the Internet is not a single computer nor is it a single service. The Internet is not owned by or governed by anyone. It exists solely through the support of the companies and institutions that access it. Though the Internet seems relatively new, its roots actually start in the 1960s. In 1969, the Department of Defense started the ?ARPANET? project. ARPANET was a decentralized computer network that was used to link military researchers at four universities. The Internet later evolved out of ARPANET. Funding from the National Science Foundation in the 1980s eventually led to the Internet being opened to commercial traffic. Services provided over the Internet include the World Wide Web, electronic mail (the most popular service), Newsgroups, and Chat. For one computer to communicate with another computer on the Internet, both computers must be connected to the Internet. Connection to the Internet can come from commercial online services or through Internet service providers. Generally, home users connect to the Internet via the commercial online services over regular phone lines. Some of these services include Prodigy, CompuServe, and America Online. Businesses, universities, government agencies, and the like, often have direct connection to an Internet provider over high-speed digital lines. Some of these providers include Netcom and PSI.1 The number of adults online in the United States by the end of 1998 has been estimated as low as 44 million and as high as 80 million. 2 At the end of 1997, the number of children online was almost 10 million. It is estimated that by the year 2002, 45 million children will be online.3 While it is not clear how many these children have access to the Internet at home, it is clear what percentage of them have access at school. Currently, about 81.8% of all American schools have the Internet. It is estimated by the end of the 1998-1999 school year, about 95.9% of all American schools will be hooked up to the Internet.4 There are risks to a child that a parent should consider before allowing the child to access the Internet. Some of the risks include the following: 1.Exposure to material that is sexual, hateful, or violent in nature and the possible encouragement of illegal or dangerous activities. 2.The safety of a child and/or a child?s family could be compromised by the child providing information or arranging to meet a person they have met over the Internet. 3.A child could be exposed , through e-mail or chat/bulletin board messages, to disturbing, demeaning, or aggressive material. 4.Legal issues resulting from a child using a parent?s credit card or violating another person?s rights.5 Children?s access to pornography on the Internet (risk #1) is a concern of a lot of parents. Pornography is defined as ?1.Pictures, writing, or other material that is sexually explicit and sometimes equates sex with power and violence. 2.The presentation or production of this material.? 6 Of course, that definition is from a standard dictionary. What is considered pornographic usually depends on the individuals judging the material. Child pornography is prohibited in all 50 states. The general statute states that child pornography is comprised of the

What You Need to Know About the SAT Chemistry Subject Test

What You Need to Know About the SAT Chemistry Subject Test The SAT Chemistry Test or SAT Chemistry Subject Test is an optional single-subject test that you can take to showcase your understanding of chemistry. You might choose to take this test if you are applying to college to study science or engineering. The test is intended to help you with the college admission process. SAT Chemistry Test Basics Here are some important facts about the SAT Chemistry Subject Test: 60 minutes (one hour) long.85 multiple choice questions.Offered Oct, Nov, Dec, Jan, May, Jun.A calculator is not permitted.The periodic table is provided.All units are metric.Only simple numerical calculations are required.Scoring is from 200-800. You do not need to get all of the questions correct to get a perfect score. It is expected that students will not have been exposed to every subject covered on the test. Recommended Preparation for the SAT Chemistry Test year of algebrayear of general chemistry, college-prep level or highersome lab experience Topics Covered by the SAT Chemistry Test The percentages given here are approximate. Structure of Matter (25%)States of Matter (16%)Types of Reactions (14%)Stoichiometry (14%)Descriptive Chemistry (12%)Laboratory (8%)Thermochemistry (6%)Equilibrium and Rates of Reactions (5%) This is not a memorization-type test. While students are expected to have an understanding of the fundamental concepts of chemistry, most of the test will involve organizing and interpreting information. With respect to the types of skills that will be needed to succeed with the SAT Chemistry Test, you can expect: 45% application of knowledge35% synthesis of knowledge20% fundamental knowledge and concepts

Changing tax laws to reduce tax avoidance through the use of Research Paper

Changing tax laws to reduce tax avoidance through the use of partnerships - Research Paper Example Lipatov, (2011) argued that it is unfair for a common man earning a meager income that is just enough to sustain themselves to be charged every penny of his revenue whereas big companies and wealthy people are exempted through avoidance of taxation. Non-remittance does not only reduces government revenue but also brings the taxation system into disrepute therefore authorities charged with taxation needs to prevent avoiding tax or keep it within check (Desai & Dharmapala, 2006). According to PWC (2012), Majority of those involved in tax avoidance usually invoke section 88 and section 100 of the income tax act in order to shield themselves. Section 88 have therefore been barred from being referred to when the gain from the interest of partnership far exceeds the cost of the asset fair market value (Government of Canada, 2012). The budget proposals have also propose for the application of section 100 up to the point of sale of partnership interest to the person who is not a resident of the place in reference, this will however be an exception in a situation whereby is carrying out its activities through a permanent establishment (Mullainathan, Schwartz stein, & Congdon, 2012). A Partner should also be able to waive on behalf of all his partners within a three year limit for making a determination (2012 Federal Budget Commentary). The law should be clear enough according to Rosenberg (1989) because this will stop the taxpayer`s personal exertion income being taken as being income of the partnership and later being diverted as the companies` loss under the agency and management agreements. Reason being surpluses or net profits from those monies will be forwarded from that partnership daily to the group finance companies (Batt, 2012). The partnership acts should introduce various amendments to the taxes acts, that is according to the Blundell (2011) view. These

Estimating and Measuring Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Essay

Estimating and Measuring Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - Essay Example Francis, C. 2010. International Business: Text and Cases. US: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Girma, S. 2001. Who benefits from Foreign Direct Investments in the UK. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 48(2). Hanson, G.H. 1997. Foreign direct investment and relative wages: Evidence from Mexico’s maquiladoras. Journal of International Economics 42, pp. 371–393. Javorick, B.S. 2004. Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers Through Backward Linkages. The American Economic Review 94(3), pp. 605- 625. Reinert, K.A., Rajan, R.S., Glass, A.J. and Davis, L.S. 2008. The Princeton Encyclopedia of the World Economy. NY: Princeton University Press. Teng, N.T. 2009. Estimating the Domestic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Flows in Malaysia: Evidence from cointegration and error connection model. Jurnal Pengurusan 28, pp. 2-22. Wu, Y. 2000. Measuring the performance of foreign direct investment: a case study of China. Else vier 66, pp. 143–150. Introduction The main focus of the following report is to design an intellectual piece which will be helpful in providing high class of information in the context of foreign direct investment. The foreign direct investment is controversial issue, and has been able to gain the interest of the developed, developing and underdeveloped countries. It becomes essential to highlight that the foreign direct investment helps in boosting the speed of economic development of the countries. For the purpose of getting detailed information about the concept, its estimation and measurement the scholarly articles, research paper and excerpts from the books have been taken into consideration. The main intention is to get throw light on estimation and measurement of foreign direct investment. The report is based on 10 journal articles which have been selected in order to get the most accurate information in the context of the research. In the report, the articles have bee n thoroughly reviewed in order to collect the most valuable and adequate information in the context of research question which relates to estimation and measurement of foreign direct investment. In order to maintain the proper flow of the paper the concept of foreign direct investment is explained in detail which is further continued by explaining the types of foreign direct investment. Along with this the paper will also throw light on the importance and contribution of FDI in strengthening the working and functioning of the economy of the country. The paper is further directed towards the steps which are undertaken for estimating foreign direct investment in the country. Along with this there is detailed discussion about the measurement techniques and tools which are used in relation with this concept. Further the major points of the discussion have been clubbed in the conclusion section of the paper. Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment refers to the investment whi ch is made as a direct investment into production or business in a country by a company which is typically situated in some another country. This is done by buying a company and it shares or by undertaking expansion strategies of an existing business in the country. It is quite different from other indirect investment such as portfolio flows, which require an investment by the overseas institution in equities listed on the stock exchange of the nation (Francis 2010). The path of direct investment

EasyJet E-Marketing Strategies Analysis

EasyJet E-Marketing Strategies Analysis This technical report has been order to clarify the e-marketing strategies implemented by the EasyJet airline to gain competitive advantages over its rivals in the marketing for low cost aviation. Situation analysis present position and industry of EasyJet by use SWOT and PEST model. This report was looked at the various strategies used by EasyJet and researched in depth the European budget airline industry. The main objective was study EasyJets successful e-marketing campaigns. Chapter 2 Introduction Since 1995, EasyJet Airline Company Limited is a great and successful example of a European airline. The chairman Stelios Haji-loannou (Greek) founded the company this year. It is based on the US carrier SouthWest, and is low cost, no-frills model. Stelios hired an expensive brand consultancy and offered them  £100,000 to come up with one. A month later, the consultants turned up at EasyLand with magazine clippings attached to pieces of cardboard. Unimpressed by their efforts, Stelios promptly fired them. In the end, he came up with the airlines name himself. The word easy kept on coming into his head, so he decided to christen the airline EasyJet. For the company logo he went to a small local design consultancy, White Knight, which gave the airline its famous shade of orange, know as Pantone 021C, used by no other airline at the time or since. The design consultancy then created a simple set of graphics for the airlines first advertising campaign. In 1995, EasyJet starts fights from Luton to Glasgow and Edinburgh with to leased Boeing 737-300 with a capacity of 148 seats at a price of only  £29 for one way ticket. Glasgow and Edinburgh are the first routes. The logic was simple: southern Scotland was the biggest domestic market from London for which air was a sensible alternative to road or rail. The airline opened a telephone reservations centre and took its first booking on 23 October 1995. The phone at the EasyJet telephone reservation centre started ringing and never stopped. They were in business. Two years later, EasyJet launches its website, easyjet.com. Web bookings grew from zero to 26 per cent of business within a year. On the first day of trading during one promotion, 13,000 seats were sold, believed to be a record for the most commercial transactions carried out on the internet in 24 hour period. By mid-1999, when its internet sales represented 58 per cent of the total, EasyJet because the first airline to make more sales on the internet than through normal telephone reservations. In March 2000, EasyJet reached two million sears, and it took only another three months to reach the three million mark. By 2001, online bookings regularly reached 80 per cent, the highest proportion of online sales for any airline in the world. In financial view, EasyJet plc was listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE: EZJ) and was a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index on 5th November 2000. In October 2004, the international investment company FL Group was purchased an 8.4 per cent stake in EasyJet. In 2005, FL Group increased its share in the company to 16.9 per cent. Lois (2005) mentioned that, according to the investment house, EasyJet was becoming a paperless company with a powerful electronic infrastructure. The results were lower administration costs, better management information and more responsive decision making. Figure 1 Milestone of EasyJet Chapter 3 Situation Analysis In this chapter, I will present position and analysis the current position using both of used SWOT and PEST model. EasyJet seems like very good situation and more expertise will predict have great opportunities for the low cost strategy. Resultingly the saturated market and lack of other choice in the British, competition is likely aggravated ineluctability followed by acquisition and coalition, an early sign of which is EasyJets purchase of British Airline subsidiary GO. In UK airline market, gave very less growth opportunities, therefore focus will be on the other continental market. Next step forward in this direction is a new base going Dutch, Berlin, with flights from 11 European cities, and as well on Eastern Europe. Price strategy was also the focus point, its expansion their route network. At last, promotion also needs to convince people that it is safe to fly and constitute EasyJet as Euro largest low fare airline. 3.1 PEST analysis The following factors are likely to have an influence on the EasyJet. Political factors In 1990 the European deregulation of commercial aviation coincided with the expansion of the low cost airline industry. The LCC in the industry were able to take advantage of the relaxed laws and expand their operations. On the other hand, threat of war in the East Euro and EU east enlargement may provide access to viable the new markets were also the political factors of EasyJet. Economical factors Mercer Management Consulting (2002) reported that the low cost airline market conforms to the criteria of three components. Firstly, it provides a simple product consisting of no seat reservation, free seating, and adequate in flight service. They are a genuine no frills airline with a simple product offered to the market. Webster (2004) noted EasyJets ability to maintain a high degree of customer focus through a new, user friendly website with an improved booking process. Secondly, mergers and acquisitions is also the low cost airline markets characteristic; the expansion of existing low cost airlines and finally, market exits as a result of bankruptcy. Finally, the industry operates a low cost ethos, which is maintained by lean sales, high productivity of resources, low maintenance costs and low wages. Social factors The low cost carriers position their product to leisure travellers and non business travellers, however EasyJet has differentiated by targeting the business and leisure segments. This behavioural segmentation creates a more dynamic edge in comparison to their competitors who solely focus on leisure travel. Thus, EasyJet must ensure that its strategy is tailored to a wider market. Walton (2005) confirmed that EasyJet was presented as a European low cost airline with a current reading of 26 million passengers in 14 key countries. It has 190 routes to 58 airports and 163 million people live within one hour of EasyJets airports. Technological actors Low cost carriers have the ability to maintain a high degree of customer focus through user-friendly websites with improved booking processes. These websites have the capability of charging bookings with greater ease and utilising an easy to use fare finder to obtain the cheapest fares. Selling tickets via the technological medium of websites and hence by having no travel agents, they avoid paying agency commissions. 3.2 SWOT analysis Strengths: EasyJet was used the bright orange as Pantone 021C, used by no other airline at the time or since. It have a successful financially which they cut out all meals and snacks on travel tour, can reduced the cost of operation. Have more flexible organisation and being seen as an innovative. The airline opened a telephone reservation centre is a strong e-business on 1995. EasyJet is also was a part of the consortium and have awarded by UK air traffic control system National Air Traffic Services (NATS). The brand name EasyJet has all the qualities required for long term memory storage and will not be easy to forget. The airline flies to main destination airports throughout Europe making it very attractive to business travellers. It gains efficiencies compared to traditional carries with rapid turnaround times, and progressive landing charge agreements with airports, maximizing asset utilization. Single model of aircraft reduced training, maintenance and supervisory costs. At last, EasyJet has been wisely investing in strong brand build measured like advertising and television shows ensured high brand recall. Weaknesses Below have some weaknesses for EasyJet organisation. It continued sustenance of cost leadership can be difficult in a dynamic market. The two drivers of growth, the focus on price and the focus on convenience seem to be reached their natural limits and differentiation from there could become difficult. The airline does not own the EasyJet brand, its owned by Sir Stelios and as a result, does not have control on its performance of other products and services used the same name. It also loss of usage in future could adversely affect its own market performance. On the other hand, the business model can over time become blurred under competitive pressure and consolidation of the Low Cost Carries (LCC) industry. The airline must be continuously innovative to maintain its current advantage in e-tailing. Increased fleet capacity could be difficult to fill during lean periods and in the face of growing competition in a matured market. Opportunities Recent expansion of the EU has resulted in open of new markets for the LCCs. Their low fares will increase movement of job seekers across boarders and also promote the tourism industry, lead to economic growth. Consolidation could help EasyJet to a certain degree offset the pressure on its costs and fares. Otherwise, vertical and horizontal expansion could be an important option for EasyJet for growth in mature markets and offset any future threat of increased in service provider costs. Withdrawal of traditional airlines from less traffic-intense routes could be an opportunity for expanded. EasyJet does not seem to have any flights to Scandinavian capitals like Stockholm and Helsiki where immigrant flow was on the rise. Threats The threats of EasyJet had some factors. Terrorism and catastrophic loss can result in lesser air travel and loss of infrastructural support, war threats and outbreak of epidemics or pandemics could increase apprehensions about air travel. Technology advancement in the conduct of business meetings like video conferencing can be detrimental to short distance flights and impending increased in environmental taxes could increase costs. In addition, limited or no slot availability could be hurdle in future expansion plans and due to its limited fuel hedging policy, EasyJet is more vulnerable to fuel price fluctuations increased by variability in its costs. Currency fluctuations is also the factor of threats, it will affect especially the US dollar denominated costs like aircraft purchase, aircraft financing costs, maintenance reserve payments, fuel purchase etc.. Excess capacity and cost cutting tactics by competitors can affect passenger traffic on popular routes. Imitation of some main no-frills features by traditional airlines on same routes can confuse and blur the distinctive image of any LCC. Additional, traditional players can partly switch over or start their own baby low cost airline. Last, dependence on third party service providers could cause problems when any of these contracts are not renewed or negotiation of suitable replacement does not take place or if higher rates are charged. Chapter 4 eMarketing Strategy This chapter was analysis what eMarketing strategy has the EasyJet adopted or is planned to adopt and what is the value proposition and differential advantage of this strategy. 4.1 Marketing application of internet marketing Internet based media offer a range of opportunities for marketing products and services across the purchase cycle. EasyJet illustrate the applications of internet marketing since they show how organisations can use online communications such as their web site, third-party web sites and e-mail marketing as: Direct response medium: EasyJet uses sponsored links when a user is researching a flight using a search engine to prompt them to directly visit the EasyJet site by clicking through to it. Similarly the EasyJet e-mail newsletter sent to customers can encourage them to click through to a web site to generate sales. Platform for sales transactions: EasyJet sells flights online to both consumers and business travellers. Customer service mechanism: Customers serve themselves on easyJet.com by reviewing frequently asked questions. A relationship-building medium where a company can interact with its customers to better understand their needs and offer them relevant products and offers. EasyJet uses its e-mail newsletter and tailored alerts about special deals to help keep its customers and engage them in a dialogue to understand their needs through completing surveys and polls. 4.2 Consumer matrix Bowman and Faulkner (1997) were also mentioned that the consumer matrix details that customers have with regard to the service or product offered to them and the prices charged. When used this theory to apply in EasyJet, can guestimate the general perception generated by the market. EasyJets flights was offer the value to consumer as gained the benefits from the online or telephone transaction relative to price appear favourable in comparison to another competitors. In the view of heterogeneous, according to the demands for the service, indicated that, one service meets all demands might be let it to the wrong competitive strategy. More consumers were demand the low cost alternative and price sensitive with the airline segment. EasyJet was in order to attain sustainable competitive advantage by the customer matrix price strategy. 4.3 Marketplace channel structures Channel structures describe the way a manufacturer or selling organization delivers products and services to its customer. The distribution channel will consist of one or more intermediaries such as wholesalers and retailers. The relationship between a company and its channel partners shown in below figure can be dramatically altered by the opportunities afforded by the internet. This occurs because the internet offers a means of bypassed some of the channel partners. This process is known as disintermediation or cutting out the middleman. Benjamin and Weigand (1995) calculated that, using the sale of quality shirts as an example, it was possible to make cost saving of 28 per cent in the case of (b) and 62 per cent for case for (c). Some of these cost savings can be passed on to the customer in the form of cost reductions. 4.4 6 Is of eMarketing In this section, I used the McDonald and Wilson (1999) as the 6 Is of eMarketing to summarised the differences between the new media and traditional media. The 6 Is are useful since they highlight factors that apply to practical aspects of internet marketing such as personalization, direct response and marketing search, but also strategic issues of industry restructuring and integrated channel communications. The 6 Is are Interactivity, Intelligence, Individualization, Integration, Industry restructuring and Independence of location. But in this case, I only focus one of the factors Integration, for used by this theory. The Internet provides further scope for integrated marketing communications. Below figure show how it is just one of many different media channels. When assessed the success of a web site, the role of the internet in communicating with customers and other partners can best be considered from two perspectives. The EasyJet web site can be used as a direct response tool enabled customers to respond to offers and promotions publicized in other media. The web site can also have a direct response or call back facility built into it. The internet can be used to support the buying decision even if the purchase does not occur via the web site. Customer information delivered on the web site must be integrated with other databases of customer and order information such as those accessed via staff in the call centre to provide what Seybold (1999) calls a 360 degree view of the customer. The internet can be used to support customer service. In EasyJet, who received over half their orders electronically, encourage users to check a list of frequently asked questions compiled from previous customer enquiries before contacting customer support via phone. 4.5 Marketing Mix The marketing mix the 4 Ps of Product, Price and Promotion originally proposed by McCarthy (1960) is used as an essential part of implemented marketing strategy by many practitioners. Price Baker et al. (2001) have mentioned that the price element of the marketing mix refers to an organizations pricing policies which are used to define pricing models and, of course, to set prices for products and service. In EasyJet case, low price is a key element of the brand. Used differential pricing, booking in advance makes a ticket less expensive and off-peak travelling. Additional, can get the discounts for tickets though online booking. Product There are many alternatives for barying the prosuct when a EasyJat was developed its onoine strategy. The EasyJet website also has car hire, hotel booking services and links to other EasyGroup website. It also provided point to point services. Place Allen and Fjermestand (2001) were discovered that that the internet has the greatest implications for place in the marketing mix since the internet has a global reach. Internet booking system and open a telephone reservation system were the new channel structures for book the tickets. Promotion Specification of the promotion was usually part of a communications strategy. EasyJet highlights its a number one position among Europes low cost carriers. Printed in bright orange telephone booking number and website link on the side of its aircraft. 4.6 Competitive Strategy Michael (1980) has described three general types of strategies that are usually used by organisation. There are cost leadership, differentiation strategy and market segmentation strategy. But in EasyJets case, only two basic of competitive advantage was used: cost leadership and differentiation. Cost leadership Michaels theory was also adopted a cost leadership strategy which is describe to consumers via the cheap fares offered online. However, Easyjet provided technology advantages in terms of cost reductions, its competitors have followed and created websites of their own, provided extremely competitive rates for EasyJets customers. Consequently, another competitor needs to accommodate EasyJets strategies for retain competitive advantage. Differentiation strategy EasyJet had made prominence attempts to make their product pop out from its low cost airline competitors. McDaniel (2000) mentioned that a product differentiation feature acts as competitive advantage was no longer alive. Also, EasyJet was generally the trend-setter for differentiation its market. Shiv and Alfred (2001) was discovered a matrix for classifies and identifies types of competitive positioning. EasyJet provided differentiation service of many routes to major airports such as Gatwick airport which shifts the focus to high produce traffic while abnegate economic and operative advantages of secondary airports. For the merchandise differentiation, EasyJet provide more variables such as have self check in kiosks, unrestricted baggage restraints, easy of use for the website and booking of tickets, these features of differentiation can helps the customers to enhance their purchase power with EasyJet. Figure 8 Michael (1980) Generic Strategies adopted in EasyJet Chapter 5 Implementation 5.1 How is the management creating new core and extended value for customer? EasyJet have the three main components to create new core and extended value for customer, the first was provide the number one safety airline, the second was build up a number one air transport network, and the last was enhance easyjet.com. Provide the number one safety airline: In 2009, EasyJet saw the introduction of a new Safety Management System (SMS), its provided a framework for safety compliance and manage the two pillars of safety performance at EasyJet. With active support by the European Aviation Safety Agencys European Commercial Aviation Safety team, the Safety Management System was a continuous improvement process. Build Europes number one air transport network: Slot management: EasyJet thinks departure time was very important to all customers, both of business trips and weekend breaks. Different from other competitors, who used smaller, much less convenient airports, and more remote, over 90 per cent of EasyJet aircraft operate into and out of congested airports. At these busy business and facilities, where slots were at a premium, EasyJet work hard to build up their portfolio across Europe. The slot management team has expertise and considerable capability, with over 60 years of extensive contacts and combined experience at European airports. Base Management: Overnight stops can create unnecessary costs. EasyJet were located aircraft and crew by managing the bases, they were able to maximise revenue and improve efficiency. Constantly under review the base location. For example, since 2006, EasyJet increased the number of aircraft based in Italy and France. Such as Luton, they also reduced capacity at under performing bases. Enhance easyjet.com Easyjet.com was the most visited airline site in UK. The web site was EasyJets primary distribution channel and they rebuild and refresh it in 2008. EasyJet also consulted with their customers, identify what was like and dislike about the existing site, and also looked at main pages, both outside and inside the travel sector. The website was built on a scalable platform and more robust and was even easier to use. 5.2 How is the management balancing their online and offline promotion methods? Efraim (2008) mentioned that, in a click and mortar business, the allocation of resources between offline and online activities can create difficulties. Especially in sell side projects, the two activities can be viewed as competitors. In this case, personnel in charge of offline and online activities may behave as competitors. This conflict may cause problems when the offline side needs to handle the logistics of the online side or when prices need to be determined. Corporate culture, the ability of top management to introduce change properly, and the use of innovative process that support collaboration will all Pricing Strategy Traditional methods for determining price are the cost-plus and competitor models. Cost-plus means adding up all the costs involved material, labour, rent, overhead, and so forth and adding a percentage mark-up as profit. The competitor model determines price based on what competitors are charging for similar products in the marketplace. Pricing products and services for online sales changes these pricing strategies in subtle ways: Price comparison is easier: In traditional markets, either the buyer or, more often, the seller has more information than the other party, and this situation is exploited in determining a products price. By facilitating price comparison, the EasyJets internet booking system helps created what economists call a perfect market one in which both the buyer and the sell have ubiquitous and equal access to information, usually in the buyers favour. Online and offline goods are priced differently: In EasyJets pricing strategy, it was difficult for click and mortar company. Setting prices lower then those offered by the off-line business may lead to internal conflict, whereas setting prices at the same level will hurt competitiveness. Differentiated pricing can be a pricing strategy: For decades, EasyJet have maximized revenues with yield management charging different price for the same product. EasyJet is in the B2C marketplace, one-on-one marketing can extend yield management from a class of customer to individual customers. Bockstedt el al. (2005) also mentioned that, versioning is selling the same good but with different selection and delivery characteristics, is especially effective is selling digitized goods. Last minute deals: I attention that, in practice, last minute deals were sometimes offered, often at very low prices. If the airline decides to launch in such offers, either via a reseller or directly, it can set a new price that will allured the lower end of the tourist segment that didnt purchase tickets. Last minute deals were always made very close to the actual flight time. The overall impact of these changes is good news for the consumer. Internet technologies tend to provide consumers with easier access to pricing information, which increases their bargaining power. To remain competitive and profitable, sellers will have to adopt smarter pricing strategies. Specifically, business will have to look at ways of using the internet to optimize prices, primarily through greater precision in setting prices, more adaptability in changing prices, and new ways of customer segmentation for differentiated pricing. 5.3 What impact is the implementation of strategy having upon the performance of the business? To improve results for any aspect of any business, performance management is vital. The process and systems intended to monitor and improve the performance of an organization and specific management activities such as internet marketing are widely known as performance management systems and are based on the study of performance measurement systems. 5.3.1 Defining the performance metrics framework: Kotler (1997) mentioned that measurement for assess the effectiveness of internet marketing also be related to different levels of marketing control. These include strategic control, profitability control, annual plan control and efficiency control. Efficiency measures are more concerned with minimizing the costs of online marketing while maximizing the returns for different areas of focus such as acquiring visitors to a web site, converting visitors to outcome or achieving repeat business. Chaffey (2000) presents a framework of measures which can be applied to range of different companies. Metrics for the categories are generated as objectives from internet marketing planning which then need to be monitored to assess the success of strategy and its implementation. Objectives can be devised in a top down fashion, starting with strategic objectives for business contribution and marketing outcomes leading to tactical objectives for customer satisfaction, behaviour and site promotion. An alternative perspective is bottom up success in achieving objectives for site promotion, on site customer behaviour and customer satisfaction lead sequentially to achieving objectives for marketing outcomes and business contribution. Business contribution A contribution to business profitability is always the ultimate aim of e-commerce. To assess this, leading companies set an internet contribution target of achieving a certain proportion of sales via the channel. When EasyJet (www.easyjet.com) launched its e-commerce facility in 1998, it set an internet contribution target of 30 per cent by 2000. They put the resources and communications plan in place to achieve this and their target was reached in 1999. Assessing contribution is more difficult for a company that can not sell products online, but the role of the internet in influencing purchase should be assessed. Discounted cash flow techniques are used to assess the rate of return over time. Service contribution from e-channels should also be assessed. 5.3.2 Tools and techniques for collecting metric and summarizing results Techniques to collect metrics include the collection of site visitor activity data such as that collected from site log files, the collection of metrics about outcomes such as online sales or email enquiries and traditional marketing research techniques such as questionnaires and focus groups which collect information on the customers experience on the web site. I start by describing methods for collecting site visitor activity and then review more traditional techniques of market research which assess the customer experience. EasyJet was used customer relationship management CRM software to enhance its online booking server and reduce operational costs. Tony (2006) mentioned that CRM was specifically about gather customers information to provide their own customer service through the web. The CRM system was centralised all the data and information and allows innovations in customer service to be deployed and tested. An email marketing automation tool and a pilot voice self service solution is also can provide and enhanced levels of customer support with EasyJet. The CRM service system module was enabled the 1.5 million people who visit the EasyJet website each week, it can recorded end-to-end transactions while they are online, without any interposition from customer service agents. It responds to keyword searches and natural language text, have 90 per cent of customers were resolving queries by used this solution. Chapter 6 Legal and ethical issues Plamer (2005) mentioned that business ethics defines how a company integrates the core values of honesty, trust, respect, and fairness into its policies and practices and complies with legal standards and regulations. The scope of business ethics has expanded to encompass a companys actions with regard not only to how it treats employees and obeys laws but to the nature and quality of the relationships with shareholders, customers, business partners, suppliers, the community, environment, and future generations. European companies especially have embraced this expanded definition of ethics. Because of the worldwide scope and universal accessibility of the internet, there are serious questions as to which ethical rules and laws apply. These questions involve an appreciation of the law that is constantly changing. Lawsuits and criminal charges are very disruptive, expensive, and may damage customer relations. The best strategy is to avoid behaviours that expose the company to these types of risk. 6.1 e-Commerce ethical issues Two additional e-commerce related ethical issues are non work related use of the internet and codes of ethics. Non work related use of the internet EasyJet had a policy to avoid the employees used email and the web for non work related purposes. The use of company property for email and inter use creates risk. The degree of risk depends on the extent to which the company has implemented policies and procedure to prevent and detect illegal uses. EasyJet was also held liable for their employees use of email to harass another employee, participate in illegal gambling, or distribute child pornography. Some employees may use the company email to advertise their own business. Used other corporate computing facilities for private purposes may be a problem. Codes of ethics Volonino and Robinson (2004) were discovered that a practical and necessary approach to limit non work related internet surfing is an internet Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) that all employees must agree to. Without a formal AUP, it was much more difficult to enforce acceptable and eliminate unacceptable behaviours and punish violators. Whenever a user signs on to the corporate network, the user should see a reminder of the AUP and be notified that online activates are monitored. Such notification should be a part of a code of ethics. EasyJet have some corporate web policy guidelines, such as issue written AUP guidelines about employee use of the internet and commu